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Distributed Systems

Where clocks disagree, networks partition, and nothing is as simple as it seems. Understanding the fundamental challenges of coordination across machines.

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Theory

The CAP Theorem

Consistency, availability, partition tolerance — you can pick two, but which two matters more than you think.

Consensus

Raft & Paxos

How distributed nodes agree on a single value, and why getting this right is deceptively difficult.

Clocks

Logical & Vector Clocks

When wall clocks can't be trusted, Lamport timestamps and vector clocks establish causal ordering.

Replication

Leader-Follower vs. Leaderless

Single-leader simplicity versus multi-leader and leaderless approaches — consistency guarantees and failure modes.

Partitioning

Sharding Strategies

Hash-based, range-based, and directory-based partitioning. Rebalancing without downtime.

Failure

Byzantine Fault Tolerance

What happens when nodes don't just crash — they lie. Handling arbitrary failures in adversarial environments.

Distributed Systems