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Databases

Where state lives. From relational foundations to modern distributed stores — choosing, tuning, and understanding the systems that hold your data.

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Relational

SQL Fundamentals

Joins, subqueries, window functions, CTEs — the query patterns that turn tables into answers.

Design

Schema Design & Normalization

Normal forms, denormalization trade-offs, and when to break the rules for performance.

Internals

Indexes & Query Plans

B-trees, hash indexes, covering indexes — how databases find your data and what EXPLAIN is telling you.

NoSQL

Document, Key-Value & Graph

MongoDB, Redis, Neo4j — when relational isn't the right fit and what you give up by leaving it.

Transactions

ACID & Isolation Levels

Read committed, repeatable read, serializable — the spectrum of correctness guarantees and their costs.

Operations

Migrations & Zero-Downtime Deploys

Evolving schemas in production without locking tables or breaking running applications.

Databases